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Library Tools for Biblical Exegesis
Table of Contents
Page
I. Overview
2
Exegetical Steps
2
Exegetical Handbooks
2
II. Groundwork
3
Bibles
3
English Language Versions
3
Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha
3
Greek and Hebrew Texts
4
Interlinear Testaments
4
Parallels
4
Digital Bibles
5
Dictionaries
6
Atlases
6
III. Textual Analysis
6
Concordances
6
Lexicons and Wordbooks
7
Lexicons
7
Wordbooks
8
IV. Analysis by Others
8
Online Catalog
8
Commentaries
9
Journal Articles
9
V. Steps for Word Study
10
Old Testament
10
New Testament
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I. Overview
Exegetical Steps
Exegesis - the process by which one comes to understand a text
These are the typical steps involved in an exegesis; your professors instructions for your
exegetical paper may include a variation of them.
A. Establish or orient the context of the pericope in the Biblical book as a whole
- a translation from the original Greek or Hebrew may be required
- read the text in several different English versions
B. Examine the historical context or setting
C. Analyze the text
- Literary analysis (what type of literature is it?)
- Textual analysis (to reconstruct the precise words of the original writer)
- Grammatical analysis (classify words by their part of speech)
- Lexical analysis (determine meaning(s) of the words)
D. Critical analysis: employing various critical methods to ask questions of the texts, ex.:
- Canonical
- Reader-Response
- Form
- Redaction
- Historical
- Rhetorical
- Liberation/Black/Feminist
- Social-Scientific
- Literary
- Source
- Narrative
- Structural
- Poststructural
- Tradition-Historical
E. Theological analysis
F. Your analysis and/or application
Exegetical Handbooks
Fee, Gordon D. New Testament Exegesis: A Handbook for Students and Pastors. 3rd ed.
Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002.
(225.601 F295 N532 2002; stacks and reference)
Hayes, John H. and Carl R. Holladay. Biblical Exegesis: A Beginners Handbook. rev.
ed. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1987.
(220.601 H417 B582 1987)
Stuart, Douglas K. Old Testament Exegesis: A Handbook for Students and Pastors.
3
rd
ed. Louisville: Westminster Press, 2001.
(221.601 S929 O44 2001; stacks and reference)
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II. Groundwork
Bibles
English Language Versions
English language versions of the whole Bible are found under call number 220.52. Listed
below are a few of those found in the reference room; you will find many more in both
the Reference Room and the circulating stacks:
HarperCollins Study Bible : New Revised Standard Version, with the
Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993.
(Ref. 220.520434 B582 H293 1993)
Harper Study Bible: New American Standard Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Bible
Publishers, 1985.
(Ref. 220.52 G751 Z87 1985)
New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha: Revised Standard Version. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1977.
(Ref. 220.52 B582OD)
NIV Study Bible, New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Bible Publishers,
1985.
(Ref. 220.52 E58 Z87 1985)
Westminster Study Edition of the Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments in
the Authorized (King James) Version. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1948.
(Ref. 220.52 B582W)
Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha
Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1924.
(Ref. 229.92 B582J)
Charles, R. H., ed. The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English.
Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1913.
(Ref. 229 B582C)
Charlesworth, James H., ed. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. Garden City,
N.Y. : Doubleday, 1983-1985.
(Ref. 229 O44 1983)
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Greek and Hebrew Texts
Biblia Sacra Utriusque Testamenti Editio Hebraica et Graeca. Stuttgart: Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft, 1994.
(Ref. 220.44 H446 D486 1994)
Novum Testamentum Graece. 27
th
ed. Stuttgart : Deutsche Bibelstiftung, 1993.
(Ref. 225.48 G793 D486 1993)
Rahlfs, Alfred, ed. Septuaginta; id est, Vetus Testamentum Graece Iuxta LXX Interpretes.
Stuttgart, Privilegierte Woerttembergische Bibelanstalt, 1935.
(Ref. 221.48 B582R)
Septuaginta : Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Gottingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1931-
.
(multi-volume work still being published).
(Ref. 221.48 B582SE)
[Torah, Nevi'im u-Khetuvim] = Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft, 1984.
(Ref. 221.44 H446 D486 1984)
Interlinear Testaments
Douglas, J. D., ed. The New Greek-English Interlinear New Testament: a New Interlinear
Translation of the Greek New Testament, United Bible Societies' Fourth,
Corrected Edition with the New Revised Standard Version, New Testament.
Wheaton: Tyndale House Pub., 1993.
(Ref. 225.48 B582 N532 1993)
Green, Jay P., ed. The Interlinear Bible, Hebrew-Greek-English. 4 vols. Grand Rapids:
Baker Books, 1976-1979.
(220.44 H446 B167 1976)
Kohlenberger, John R., ed. The NIV Interlinear Hebrew-English Old Testament. Grand
Rapids: Regency Reference Library, 1987.
(Ref. 220.44 B582 N734 1987)
Parallels
Complete Parallel Bible : Containing the Old and New Testaments with the
Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books: New Revised Standard Version, Revised
English Bible, New American Bible, New Jerusalem Bible. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1993.
(Ref. 220.52 E58 O98 1993)
JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh: The Traditional Hebrew Text and the New JPS
Translation. 2
nd
ed. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1999.
(Ref. q221.44 E58 J59 1999)
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Kohlenberger, John R., ed. The Precise Parallel New Testament: Greek text, King James
Version, Rheims New Testament, Amplified Bible, New International Version,
New Revised Standard Version, New American Bible, New American Standard
Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
(Ref. 225.52 E58 O98 1995)
Layman's Parallel Bible: King James Version, New International Version, Living Bible,
New Revised Standard Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1991.
(Ref. 220.52 E58 Z87 1991)
Throckmorton, Burton H., Jr., ed. Gospel Parallels: A Comparison of the Synoptic
Gospels with Alternative Readings from the Manuscripts and Noncanonical
Parallels. 5
th
ed. Nashville : T. Nelson, 1992.
(Ref. q226.1 E57 N431 1992)
Digital Bibles
BibleWorks compact disk. A searchable database of 93 versions of the Bible in English,
Greek, and Hebrew plus 26 other languages. It is found on the public computers
and in the computer classroom by clicking on the 'BibleWorks' icon. An
instructional brochure is available.
Bible Gateway. Searches may be performed on passages or words on one version or all
versions. Among the English versions included are Darby, King James, New
American Standard, New International, New King James, Worldwide English,
Youngs Literal Translation. It also includes Bibles in 29 other languages.
<http://bible.gospelcom.net/>
Bible Study Tools. Searches may be performed on verses or word/phrase. The versions
include: American Standard, Bible in Basic English, Douay-Rheims, King James,
King James with Strongs Numbers, Latin Vulgate, New American Standard, New
Living, New Revised Standard, Revised Standard, Todays English, Websters,
Youngs Literal Translation. Interlinear as well as parallel displays are possible.
Strongs Concordance and Greek and Hebrew lexicons are also included.
<http://bible.crosswalk.com/>
Blue Letter Bible. Versions include American Standard, King James, Revised Standard
and the Vulgate. Greek and Hebrew as well as multiple version displays are
possible. Also includes hymns, maps and images keyed to verses.
<http://www.blueletterbible.org>
The Text This Week. This site is maintained by Jenee Woodward, a UMC pastor. It
includes links to a wide variety of contemporary and historical scripture study
resources. It is searchable by scripture index or lectionary date.
<http://www.textweek.com/>
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Dictionaries
Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
(Ref. 220.3 A539 1992; also on cd-rom)
Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans, 2000.
(Ref. 220.3 E26 2000)
HarperCollins Bible Dictionary. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996.
(Ref. 220.3 H295 1996)
Hayes, John H., ed. Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation. 2 vols. Nashville: Abingdon
Press, 1999.
(Ref. q220.603 D554 1999)
The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. 4 vols. plus supplement volume. Nashville:
Abingdon Press, 1962.
(Ref q220.3 I61D)
Soulen, Richard N. Handbook of Biblical Criticism, 3rd ed. Louisville: Westminster John
Knox Press, 2001.
(Ref. 220.6014 S722 H236 2001)
Atlases
Aharoni, Yohanan. The Macmillan Bible Atlas. 3
rd
rev. ed. New York:
Macmillan, 1993.
(Ref. q220.910223 A285 M167 1993)
Dowley, Tim. Atlas of the Bible and Christianity. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House,
1997.
(Ref q220.91 A881 1997)
May, Herbert. Oxford Bible Atlas. 3
rd
ed. NY: Oxford University Press, 1984.
(Ref q220.91 O98 1984)
Pritchard, James B. The Harper Atlas of the Bible. New York: Harper and Row, 1987.
(Ref. f912.122 H293 1987)
III. Textual Analysis
Concordances
A concordance enables you to identify the correct book, chapter, and verse in which a
word appears in Scripture and to trace a particular topic through the Bible. A particular
concordance matches a unique version of the Bible. The titles below are a sample of the
concordances held by the library.
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Goodrick, Edward W. and John R. Kohlenberger. The NIV Exhaustive Concordance.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990.
(Ref. q220.5208 G655 N734 1990)
Hatch, Edwin and Henry A. Redpath. A Concordance to the Septuagint. 2
nd
ed. Grand
Rapids: Baker Books, 1998.
(Ref. q221.48 H361 C744 1998)
Metzger, Bruce M. NRSV Exhaustive Concordance. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1991.
(Ref. q220.520433 N961 1991)
Moulton, W. F. A Concordance to the Greek Testament. 6th edition. London: T.&T.
Clark, 2002.
(Ref. 225.48 M927 C744 2002)
Strong, James. The New Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Nashville: T.
Nelson Publishers, 1984.
(Ref. q220.52033 S923 N532 1984)
Whitaker, Richard E. The Eerdmans Analytic Concordance to the Revised Standard
Version of the Bible. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.
(Ref. q 220.520423 W578 E26 1988)
Wigram, George V. The Englishman's Greek Concordance : Numerically Coded to
Strong's Exhaustive Concordance. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1979.
(Ref. 225.48 W662 E58 1979)
Wigram, George V. The New Englishman's Hebrew Concordance: Coded to Strong's
Concordance Numbering System. Peabody: Hendrikson Publishers Inc., 1984.
(Ref. 221.44 W662 N532 1984)
Lexicons and Wordbooks
Lexicons and wordbooks define the meaning of specific words in their original
language as well as providing grammatical information. In general lexicons are one
volume and wordbooks multi-volume in size. Found below is a sampling of the lexicons
and wordbooks held by the library.
Lexicons
Bauer, Walter (revised by Arndt, Gingrich, Danker). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New
Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3
rd
ed., rev. and edited.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
(Ref. q487.4 A747 G793 2000)
Brown, Francis. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody:
Hendrickson Publishers, 1996.
(Ref. 492.4321 S923 B877 1996)
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Holladay, William. A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978.
(Ref. 492.4321 H733 C744 1978)
Wordbooks
Botterweck, G. Johannes. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. (ongoing set)
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974-.
(Ref. q221.3 B751TB)
Brown, Colin. The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. rev. ed.
4 vols. Exeter, Devon, U.K.: Paternoster Press, 1986.
(Ref. q225.603 T391B)
Jenni, Ernst. Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. 3 vols. Peabody: Hendrickson
Publishers, 1997.
(Ref. 221.447 T391 T391 1997)
Kittel, Gerhard. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. 10 vols. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans,1964-1976.
(Ref. 225.3 K62TC)
Spicq, Ceslas. Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. 3 vols. Peabody: Hendrickson,
1994.
(Ref. 487.4 S754 N911 1994)
Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. 2 vols. Chicago: Moody Press, 1980.
(Ref. q221.440321 T391 1980)
VanGemeren, Willem A. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology &
Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997.
(Ref. 221.3 N532 1997)
IV. Analysis by Others
Online Catalog
For best results in locating call numbers for books on a particular book of the Bible
follow the Library of Congress subject headings format, using the Biblical book title that
you are seeking. The examples below are in the form to be used as a "Subject begins
with" basic search in the online catalog:
bible n.t. Corinthians, 1st
bible o.t. genesis
To find a particular work in a commentary series do an expert search following the form
below and substituting the biblical book and series title you are seeking:
wsu=jeremiah and ws1=hermeneia
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Commentaries
There are many commentaries on individual books of the Bible - some are published as
individual monographs and others as volumes within a particular commentary series.
Some commentary series are classified so that all volumes sit together on the shelf and
others are classified separately by the biblical book. Listed below are the commentary
series which are located in the Reference Room and are duplicate copies of those found
in the stacks.
Anchor Bible (Ref. 220.7 B582A)
Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture/New Testament (Ref. q225.77 A541 1998)
Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture/Old Testament (Ref. q221.77 A541 2001)
Hermeneia (classified separately)
International Critical Commentary (Ref. 220.7 I61 and Ref. 220.7 I61A)
Interpretation (classified separately)
JPS Torah Commentary (classified separately)
New Century Bible Commentary (classified separately)
New International Commentary on the New Testament (classified separately)
New International Commentary on the Old Testament (classified separately)
Old Testament Library (classified separately)
Proclamation (classified separately)
Sacra Pagina (Ref. 225.77 S123 1991)
Word Biblical Commentary (Ref. 220.77 W924 1982)
Journal Articles
Journal articles on your topic or scripture passage are found by using indexes or
databases. Search the online catalog to determine if the library has a subscription to the
journal should the article not be available full-text in the database.
ATLA Religion Database. An electronic database indexing journal articles and essays
from multi-author works; it includes some full-text articles. It is linked on the library's
home page: <http://www.lib.duke.edu/divinity>. The primary database to use.
TIP: the best way to search for biblical passages in the ATLA Religion Database is to
browse and choose entries from the Scripture Reference index using the SCRIPTURES
button found in the middle of the upper green banner.
New Testament Abstracts. 1956 - present.
(Ref. 225.605 N559N; located on index shelves). A web version covers 1985 to
date and is found under "Divinity School Databases" on our home page.
Old Testament Abstracts. 1978 - present.
(Ref. 221.605 O44T; located on index shelves). A web version covers 1978 to
date and is found under "Divinity School Databases" on our home page.
RAMBI: Index of Articles on Jewish Subjects. 1966 present.
<http://jnul.huji.ac.il/rambi/>
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V. Steps for Word Study
Old Testament
Two numbering systems are used to identify the Hebrew and Greek words from which
English translations have been derived and can be helpful in utilizing the textual analysis
tools. The Strong's numbers [S] are keyed to the King James Version and the
Goodrick/Kohlenberger numbers [GK] are keyed to the New International Version.
1.
Find the number matching the ENGLISH word you're researching:
S = Look up the word in The New Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
[Ref. q220.52033 S923 N532 1984]. Note the Strongs number.
GK = Look up the word in The NIV Exhaustive Concordance [Ref. q220.5208
G655 N734 1990]. Note the G/K number.
2.
Find other Bible verses using the same HEBREW term:
S = Look in the New Englishmans Hebrew Concordance [Ref. 221.44 W662
N532 1984]. Arranged numerically by Strong's number.
GK = Look in The Hebrew English Concordance to the Old Testament
[Ref. 221.44 K79 H446 1998]. Arranged numerically by G/K number.
3.
Brief definitions of the term can be found in The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew
and English Lexicon [Ref. 492.4321 S923 B877 1996].
S = Look in the back under the Strongs number to locate the correct page.
GK = No index by G/K number.
4.
Lengthy articles in English on the Hebrew word can be found in:
Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament [Ref. q221.440321 T391 1980].
S = Use the Strongs number in the index at the back of volume 2 to locate the
entry number of the article.
GK = No index by G/K number.
New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis
[Ref. 221.3 N532, 1997].
S = Use the Table of Conversion in vol. 5 to locate the entry by Strongs number.
GK = Volumes 1-4 are arranged by the G/K number.
Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament [Ref. q221.3 B751TB].
This is an ongoing set, without an index, arranged by the Hebrew alphabet
so you must know Hebrew to find the article.
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New Testament
Two numbering systems are used to identify the Hebrew and Greek words from which
English translations have been derived and can be helpful in utilizing the textual analysis
tools. The Strong's numbers [S] are keyed to the King James Version and the
Goodrick/Kohlenberger numbers [GK] are keyed to the New International Version.
1.
Find the number matching the ENGLISH word you're researching:
S = Look up the word in The New Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
[Ref. q220.52033 S923 N532 1984]. Note the Strongs number.
GK = Look up the word in The NIV Exhaustive Concordance [Ref. q220.5208
G655 N734 1990]. Note the G/K number.
2.
Find other Bible verses using the same GREEK term:
S = Look in The Englishmans Greek Concordance [Ref. 225.48 W662 E58
1979]. Arranged numerically by Strong's number.
GK = Look in The Greek-English Concordance to the New Testament [Ref.
225.48 K79, G793, 1997]. Arranged numerically by G/K number.
3.
Brief definitions of the term can be found in A Greek-English Lexicon of the New
Testament and Other Early Christian Literature [Ref. q487.4 A747 G793 2000].
An index to the 1979 edition [Ref. 487.4 A462 I38 1981] is arranged by scripture
verse and can be helpful in locating the page in the main work.
4. Lengthy articles in English on the Greek word can be found in:
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament [Kittel] [Ref. 225.3 K62TC].
S = Volume 10, page 61+, has an index to the set by Strongs number.
GK = No index by G/K number.
New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology
[Ref. q225.603 T391B]. Arranged in English by broad terms. Volume 4 includes
scripture and detailed word indexes which assist in locating specific terms.
Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament [Ref. q225.4803 E96 E96 1990].
Use the index of English words in volume 3 to locate articles.
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